MCMarketing Crunch

Ranking · Agency methodology v1.0

Agency directory

Firms carry a Share of Voice rating (volume) and a Signal rating (quality). They use their own scale and are not comparable with startup or marketer scores.

1
Omri Hurwitz Media

A media and communications company that builds market-moving narratives for technology companies.

Tech PRExecutive positioningMedia strategyNarrative design

Global · Seed to IPO and publicly traded companies · Reviewed 2026-07-14

92

Voice

94

Signal

2
Hotwire Global

Global technology communications and marketing consultancy.

Not disclosed · · Reviewed 2026-09-16

75

Voice

79

Signal

3
RH Strategic

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

cybersecurityhealthtechpublic affairsthought leadership

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

63

Voice

79

Signal

4
Next PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyconsumerfintechmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

63

Voice

79

Signal

5
Kurman Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologystartupsconsumerevents

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

63

Voice

79

Signal

6
Rosebud Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologystartupsconsumer techmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

63

Voice

79

Signal

7
Society22 PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyhealthtechconsumer techbrand communications

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

51

Voice

78

Signal

8
JMG Public Relations

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

startupstechnologyconsumerfounder communications

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

51

Voice

78

Signal

9
The Fletcher Group

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologyindustrial techcontentmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

51

Voice

78

Signal

10
Dukas Linden Public Relations

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

fintechfinancial servicestechnologymedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

51

Voice

78

Signal

11
Mission North

Communications agency for technology and life-sciences companies.

Technology PRCategory creationCorporate narrative

United States · Growth-stage to public technology and life-sciences companies · Reviewed 2026-09-17

69

Voice

77

Signal

12
5WPR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyconsumer techcybersecuritydigital

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

64

Voice

77

Signal

13
AMP Public Relations

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyAI searchstartupsSan Francisco

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

64

Voice

77

Signal

14
Futurista Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

mobilityautomotive technologyAImedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

64

Voice

77

Signal

15
AMW Group

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

healthtechtechnologyconsumerdigital

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

64

Voice

77

Signal

16
Method Communications

Technology PR and strategic communications agency.

United States · Private, venture-backed startups · Reviewed 2026-09-16

70

Voice

76

Signal

17
Salient PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologycybersecuritySaaSthought leadership

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

52

Voice

76

Signal

18
PenVine

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologyenterprisecontentmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

52

Voice

76

Signal

19
Mekky Media Relations

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyconsumermedia relationsthought leadership

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

52

Voice

76

Signal

20
LevelUp PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologystartupsmedia relationsfounder brand

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

52

Voice

76

Signal

21
Big Fish PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologystartupsconsumer techmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

65

Voice

75

Signal

22
Factory PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyconsumerfashion techbrand communications

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

65

Voice

75

Signal

23
Prose Media

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

fintechtechnologycontentthought leadership

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

65

Voice

75

Signal

24
Metis Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologystartupscontentmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

65

Voice

75

Signal

25
TEAM LEWIS

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyglobal communicationsdigitalintegrated marketing

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

53

Voice

74

Signal

26
Looking Glass PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologycybersecurityenterprisemedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

53

Voice

74

Signal

27
Melrose PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

blockchainWeb3fintechmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

53

Voice

74

Signal

28
ACEIT Agency

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

cybersecurityhealthtechB2B technologycontent

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

53

Voice

74

Signal

29
Corporate Ink

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologyhealthtechenergy techcontent

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

66

Voice

73

Signal

30
Gregory FCA

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

fintechB2B technologyfinancial servicescontent

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

66

Voice

73

Signal

31
Sherman Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyB2Bcorporate communicationsmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

66

Voice

73

Signal

32
LaunchTech Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologycybersecuritygovernment techmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

66

Voice

73

Signal

33
PAN Communications

Technology PR firm; profile built from the firm's own published case studies.

United States · Private, venture-backed startups · Reviewed 2026-09-16

65

Voice

72

Signal

34
LaunchSquad

Storytelling and communications agency for technology brands.

United States · Private, venture-backed startups · Reviewed 2026-09-16

64

Voice

72

Signal

35
Landis Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyconsumerhealthcareSan Francisco

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

54

Voice

72

Signal

36
Bhava Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologyenterprise softwaremedia relationscontent

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

54

Voice

72

Signal

37
William Mills Agency

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

fintechfinancial servicespaymentsmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

54

Voice

72

Signal

38
Rasky Partners

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologypublic affairscorporate communicationscrisis

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

54

Voice

72

Signal

39
Walker Sands

Not disclosed · · Reviewed 2026-09-16

66

Voice

71

Signal

40
Ketner Group Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

retail technologyB2B technologymedia relationscontent

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

67

Voice

71

Signal

41
Kessler Communication

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

cybersecuritytechnologycontentmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

67

Voice

71

Signal

42
Zilker Media

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyexecutive brandcontentmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

67

Voice

71

Signal

43
Bluetext

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

cybersecurityB2B technologybranddigital

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

67

Voice

71

Signal

44
SourceCode Communications

Technology PR firm; profile built from the firm's own published case studies.

United States · Private, venture-backed startups · Reviewed 2026-09-16

63

Voice

70

Signal

45
Firebrand Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologyAIcontent marketingdemand generation

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

55

Voice

70

Signal

46
Semforce Media

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologyGEOPRcontent

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

55

Voice

70

Signal

47
Chap Public Relations

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

agtechAItechnologystrategic communications

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

55

Voice

70

Signal

48
VSC

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologystartupsventure capitalbrand storytelling

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

55

Voice

70

Signal

49
BLND Public Relations

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyconsumer brandssocial mediamedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

68

Voice

69

Signal

50
Wise Up PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologymedia relationscontentglobal communications

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

68

Voice

69

Signal

51
Sōvyn

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

healthtechhealthcareintegrated marketingPR

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

68

Voice

69

Signal

52
Wachsman

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

blockchainfintechWeb3strategic communications

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

68

Voice

69

Signal

53
Bospar

Technology PR and marketing agency.

United States · Private, venture-backed startups · Reviewed 2026-09-16

61

Voice

68

Signal

54
Matter Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologycybersecuritycreativeintegrated marketing

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

56

Voice

68

Signal

55
Idea Grove

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologytrustcontentdigital

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

56

Voice

68

Signal

56
Dawning PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologysmall businesssocial mediamedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

56

Voice

68

Signal

57
SlicedBrand

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

fintechtechnologystartupsmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

56

Voice

68

Signal

58
V2 Communications

B2B technology communications firm focused on high-growth companies.

B2B technology PRCategory leadership

United States · High-growth private companies through IPO · Reviewed 2026-09-17

57

Voice

67

Signal

59
BPM-PR Firm

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

consumer technologyappsmedia relationsinfluencers

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

69

Voice

67

Signal

60
PAFF PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyinnovationstartupsmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

69

Voice

67

Signal

61
KCD PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

fintechfinancial servicesB2B technologycontent

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

69

Voice

67

Signal

62
Crenshaw Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologyconsumerthought leadershipmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

69

Voice

67

Signal

63
10Fold

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologycybersecuritycloudAI

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

57

Voice

66

Signal

64
Venture PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

venture-backed technologystartupsfundingmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

57

Voice

66

Signal

65
Feature PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyconsumer electronicsentertainmentmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

57

Voice

66

Signal

66
Otter PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologystartupspersonal brandmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

57

Voice

66

Signal

67
Kite Hill PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologycybersecurityenterprise SaaSmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

70

Voice

65

Signal

68
Crackle PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologySaaScybersecurityGEO

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

70

Voice

65

Signal

69
Paramount Public Relations

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyconsumermedia relationsChicago

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

70

Voice

65

Signal

70
Activa PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyB2Bmedia relationscontent

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

70

Voice

65

Signal

71
Avaans Media

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyAIfintechstartups

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

58

Voice

64

Signal

72
Thomas PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyconsumer electronicsmedia relationsevents

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

58

Voice

64

Signal

73
Avenue Z

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

fintechtechnologydigitalperformance PR

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

58

Voice

64

Signal

74
March Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyB2Bcontentmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

58

Voice

64

Signal

75
SHIFT Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologydata-driven PRcontentdigital

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

71

Voice

63

Signal

76
Megalith Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologyenterprisethought leadershipcontent

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

71

Voice

63

Signal

77
Emissary Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologystartupsexecutive communicationsmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

71

Voice

63

Signal

78
Axia Public Relations

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

cybersecuritytechnologycrisis communicationsmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

71

Voice

63

Signal

79
Escalate PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologyenterprise softwaremedia relationsanalyst relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

59

Voice

62

Signal

80
INK Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologyenergyenterpriseintegrated marketing

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

59

Voice

62

Signal

81
1903 PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyinnovationbrand communicationsmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

59

Voice

62

Signal

82
High10 Media

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologymediaconsumercorporate communications

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

59

Voice

62

Signal

83
The Key PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologystartupsventure capitalexecutive communications

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

72

Voice

61

Signal

84
FortySeven Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

gamingtechnologydigital entertainmentmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

72

Voice

61

Signal

85
Ballistic Ventures Media

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

fintechtechnologystartupsmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

72

Voice

61

Signal

86
Racepoint Global

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyhealthcarepublic affairsglobal communications

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

72

Voice

61

Signal

87
Red Fan Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologyexecutive communicationsgrowthM&A

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

60

Voice

60

Signal

88
RedIron PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

cybersecurityB2B technologymedia relationsanalyst relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

60

Voice

60

Signal

89
Prime Tech PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyB2Bdigital marketingmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

60

Voice

60

Signal

90
PR Digital

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

cybersecuritydigital PRSEOcontent

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

60

Voice

60

Signal

91
Finn Partners

Not disclosed · · Reviewed 2026-09-16

53

Voice

59

Signal

92
BMV

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologystartupsventure capitalmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

73

Voice

59

Signal

93
The Rowland Agency

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyconsumerbrand communicationsmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

73

Voice

59

Signal

94
Interdependence Public Relations

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyhealthcareconsumermedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

73

Voice

59

Signal

95
Caliber Corporate Advisers

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

fintechfinancial servicescorporate communicationsmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

73

Voice

59

Signal

96
Karbo Communications

Technology PR firm; profile built from the firm's own published case studies.

United States · Private, venture-backed startups · Reviewed 2026-09-16

52

Voice

58

Signal

97
Bolt PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyconsumerhealthtechdigital

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

61

Voice

58

Signal

98
The Hatch Agency

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologystartupsconsumer techbrand storytelling

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

61

Voice

58

Signal

99
Layer PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

healthtechtechnologyconsumermedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

61

Voice

58

Signal

100
SVM Public Relations

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologyhealthcaremedia relationscontent

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

61

Voice

58

Signal

101
Treble Public Relations

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

venture-backed technologystartupsfundingmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

74

Voice

57

Signal

102
FischTank PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologycleantechprofessional servicesmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

74

Voice

57

Signal

103
Pierpont Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyenergypublic affairscorporate communications

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

74

Voice

57

Signal

104
The Rubicon Agency

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

cybersecurityB2B technologybrandcontent

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

74

Voice

57

Signal

105
Fusion PR

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologystartupsenterprisemedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

62

Voice

56

Signal

106
Percepture

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologySaaSmedia relationscontent

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

62

Voice

56

Signal

107
PRA Public Relations

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyB2Bmedia relationscontent

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

62

Voice

56

Signal

108
Cutline Communications

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyconsumer techstartupsmedia relations

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

62

Voice

56

Signal

111
Ogilvy PR

Not disclosed · · Reviewed 2026-09-16

50

Voice

55

Signal

113
Highwire

Not disclosed · · Reviewed 2026-09-16

48

Voice

55

Signal

114
Moxie Communications Group

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologystartupsconsumer techfounder communications

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

50

Voice

55

Signal

115
Comsint

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

B2B technologystrategic communicationsanalyst relationscontent

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

50

Voice

55

Signal

116
Jairus Marketing

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

healthtechB2Bdemand generationPR

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

50

Voice

55

Signal

117
Hot Paper Lantern

U.S.-based public relations and communications agency serving technology and innovation brands.

technologyfinancial servicesbrandintegrated marketing

United States · Not disclosed · Reviewed 2026-09-17

50

Voice

55

Signal

118
Edelman

Not disclosed · · Reviewed 2026-09-16

49

Voice

54

Signal

119
Ketchum

Not disclosed · · Reviewed 2026-09-16

47

Voice

54

Signal

120
Inkhouse

Technology PR firm; profile built from the firm's own published case studies.

United States · Private, venture-backed startups · Reviewed 2026-09-16

48

Voice

52

Signal

121
Big Valley Marketing

Technology PR firm; profile built from the firm's own published case studies.

United States · Private, venture-backed startups · Reviewed 2026-09-16

44

Voice

49

Signal

122
Sterling Communications

Technology PR firm; profile built from the firm's own published case studies.

United States · Private, venture-backed startups · Reviewed 2026-09-16

45

Voice

49

Signal